[16] She immediately banished her late husband's mistress, Catherine de Balzac d'Entragues, from the court. As in other scenes in the Medici Cycle, Rubens includes a mythological element: the ancient god of marriage, Hymenaios wearing a crown of roses, carries the bride's train in one hand and the nuptial torch in the other. [83], This particular painting in the Marie de' Medici Cycle is noteworthy for its uniqueness in execution. When Rubens was commissioned to paint the Marie de' Medici cycle, he was quite possibly the most famous and skilled artist in Northern Europe, and was especially appreciated for his monumental religious works, commissioned by various councils and churches in the area. Powerful ones. The codex includes 3 full-size illuminations, 42 full-page miniatures, countless historiated or golden initials, and borders feature Flemish and Italianate flowers. By 1584, she had lost two more of her siblings, and in 1587, both her father and his new wife passed under mysterious circumstances, likely from poison. Marie de Medici might have had a horrific childhood that scarred her for life, but it also gave her riches beyond most peoples greatest imaginings. Prudence, the figure to the right of Marie, was stripped of her emblematic snake to lessen the chances any viewer would be reminded of Marie's rumored involvement in the King's assassination. Her education is given a divine grace by the presence of three gods Apollo, Athena, and Hermes. [41] The painting displays an embellished Baroque collaboration of the spiritual and earthly relationships, which are illustrated in a theatrical environment. In the work, Truth gestures toward the Queen while Time looks toward her from below. Her son exiled her when he seized power, Marie having extended her regency beyond his attaining the age of majority. WebFrance was a country torn apart by years of religious and civil wars when Marie de Medici married King Henri IV in 1600. With both beauty and big bucks, Europes most influential suitors considered Marie de Medici the top prize they could win, and she entertained courtships from multiple dukes around her area as a teenager. The two ominous figures behind Henry III most likely represent personifications of Fraud and Discord. Escaping from Blois, 22 Feb., 1619, she made her way into Angoulme and obtained from Luynes the government of Anjou, which became a rallying-point for malcontents. Marie gave birth to her first child, a son, on 27 September 1601 at the Palace of Fontainebleau. That was one of Brian De Palma's best movies. Marie ultimately decided to withdraw from court. Having never been a particularly graceful event for anyone, disembarking a ship does not pose a problem for Rubens in his depiction of Marie de' Medici arriving in Marseilles after having been married to Henry IV by proxy in Florence. So in 1621, he invited her back to court in a undeniable victory for nagging mothers everywhere. The upper half of the painting shows Marie and Henry as the mythological Roman gods Juno and Jupiter. And then she came back with a vengeance. Maries appreciation of the visual arts ran deep, and she also dabbled in the medium herself. However, the caduceus, which is seen in six other paintings in the cycle, has also been associated with peace and harmony. From petty paybacks to insane acts of karma, these bitter people somehow found the most ingenious ways. On 17 December, the Papal legate finally arrived, and gave his blessing to the religious wedding ceremony at the Cathedral of Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon.[11]. Direct link to David Alexander's post This matter is addressed , Posted 3 years ago. She was born and raised in Italy and the French never really accepted her; hence, the negative reviews. A first treaty, the Treaty of Angoulme, negotiated by Richelieu, calmed the conflict. Yes, the literal day after Maries coronation, her husband was gone. France and Spain present the young princesses, aided by a youth who is probably Hymen. The Queen also surrounded herself with portrait painters, such as Charles Martin and especially the Flemish Frans Pourbus the Younger. At this time Henry IV was about to depart to fight in the War of Succession over the United Duchies of Jlich-Cleves-Berg; the coronation aimed to confer greater legitimacy on the Queen from the perspective of a possible regency which she would be called upon to provide in the absence of the King. One of the pieces in her hand is the Queen's treasured strand of pearls. [95], In The Negotiations at Angoulme, Marie de' Medici genially takes the olive branch from Mercury, the messenger god, in the presence of both of her priests, as she gives her consent to have discussions with her son concerning her clash to his governmental direction. This antagonism benefited the court, which soon pronounced the closure of the Estates General. Her mandate as regent legally expired in 1614, when her son reached the age of majority, but she refused to resign and continued as regent until she was removed by a coup in 1617. As well see, Henriettes first true volley was a doozy. After formative years that would corrupt even the purest mind, Marie developed some disturbing coping mechanisms. Heck yes she did. In the works, Marie got the painter to depict her as the Roman goddess Juno. A rainbow extends from the left corner, a symbol of concord and peace. As the years passed and she saw how much sway Richelieu held over her son, a jealous Marie tried desperately to have him exiled. Direct link to Harriet Buchanan's post When a European king need, Posted 8 years ago. [18] Rubens's studies of classical, Greek, and Latin texts influenced his career and set him apart from other painters during his time. All of the paintings have the same height although they vary in width in order to fit the shape of the room they were intended for. Our credibility is the turbo-charged engine of our success. Within hours after Henry IV's assassination, Marie was confirmed as Regent by the Parliament of Paris on behalf of her son and new King, eight-year-old Louis XIII. Rubens wanted it to be at the end of the gallery as a "large and important" piece with an advanced state of execution. And this led to some dark whispers, After Henrys violent end, rumors persisted for decades that, given the oh-so convenient timing of the kings passing, Marie must have had a hand in it. She was a descendant of the great and wealthy House of Medici.. The second rower's shield depicts a flaming altar with four sphinxes, a coiling serpent and an open eye that looks downwards. WebSourced quotations by the French Monarch Catherine de' Medici (1519 1589). Marie gave birth to five more children (three daughters and two more sons) between 1602 and 1609; however, during 16031606 she was effectively separated from her husband. And let me tell you, that was not a good idea. The model, or overall design, for this portrait of Johanna of Austria goes back to a painting by Alessandro Allori that was then copied by Giovanni Bizzelli. She groomed a young and soon-to-be notorious Cardinal Richelieu as a statesman, teaching the so-called Red Eminence everything he knew. The boy, named Louis, and automatically upon birth heir to the throne and Dauphin of France, was born to the great satisfaction of the King and France, which had been waiting for the birth of a Dauphin for more than forty years. Thanks for your help! Her visit to Amsterdam was considered a diplomatic triumph by the Dutch, as it lent official recognition to the newly-formed Dutch Republic; accordingly, she was given an elaborate ceremonial royal entry, of the sort the Republic avoided for its own rulers. Marie de' Medici was an art patron and political schemer whose marriage was unhappy, her husband preferring his mistresses. These have been identified as Cupid, Minerva, Prudence, Abundance, Saturn, and two figures of Pheme, all indicated by their traditional attributes, all bestowing their bounties on the Queen. [118], The original commission for the Marie de' Medici cycle included a corresponding gallery illustrating the life of Henry IV that was never completed, although Rubens began work soon after he completed the Marie de' Medici cycle. She is framed by a triumphal arch and surrounded by people at the court. Her humble, yet all-knowing gaze conveys the wisdom that she holds. 1573, Florence, Italy; d. 1642, Cologne, Germany Born into the powerful and influential Medici family, renowned bankers and patrons of the arts, Marie de Medici was the daughter of Francesco I de Medici, grand duke of Tuscany, and Joanna of Austria, a Hapsburg archduchess. The portrait of the Queen's father, Francesco I, is on the right and faces the passageway towards Marie de' Medici's private chambers. WebTwelve years after these momentous affairs, Marie commissioned one of Europes most renowned artists, Peter Paul Rubens, to paint a series of 24 paintings about her life (today we refer to these as the Medici Cycle).These were designed to decorate the Luxembourg Palaceher enormous new residence in Paris. Louis and his mother were not reconciled for over four years, and finally in 1621 Marie was permitted to return to Paris. Marie, meanwhile, basked in the glow of success and looked forward to an official coronation now that she had done her duty. [44] A personification of France is shown behind Henry in her helmet, her left hand showing support, sharing in his admiration of the future sovereignty. In negotiating the marriage between Marie de' Medici and Henry IV, a number of portraits were exchanged between the two. Rubens received the commission in the autumn of 1621. [34], Early interpretations explained Juno's presence in the scene through her identity as the goddess of childbirth. In fact, she started an uprising twice. Yeah, the Karen vibes were strong with this one. Enjoy your read. [103] Marie, desiring vindication for the death of her close personal friend, Concino Concini, would likely have intended a more direct personal allusion to Constable de Luynes, but Rubens preferring to keep to allegory, avoided specifics that could later prove embarrassing. Rubens has again, turned something ordinary into something of unprecedented magnificence. Playing the tough love card, he forced her into refuge with his enemies in Spanish territories, thereby stripping her of her title of Queen Mother along with any pensions. Jack Vance. WebMarie de' Medici, originally a scion of the powerful and rich House of Medici, was the Queen of France and the second wife of the King of France, Henry IV. It was during his time in Italy that he began to make copies of classical sculpture, such as the Laocon Group, and collect drawings done by other artists. By presenting him as Jupiter Rubens implies the promiscuity of the man and the deity. WebMarie de' Medici became the second wife to King Henry IV of France in a marriage by proxy on 5 October 1600 by the power invested in her uncle, Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. The larger figures in the background represent the military, who were added to have a symbolic meaning of the Queen's belief in the command over military. One year later (10 April 1578) Grand Duchess Joanna heavily pregnant with her eighth child fell from the stairs in the Grand Ducal Palace in Florence, dying the next day after giving birth to a premature stillborn son. In 1578, when Marie was just three years old, her heavily pregnant mother Joanna fell down a flight of stairs, accidentally killing herself and her unborn child. Symbols and allegory appear throughout the painting. While Marie gazes adoringly at her son, Fecundity presses the cornucopia to her arm, representing the complete and bountiful family to come. In application of the Treaty of Sainte-Menehould (15 May 1614), the Queen-Regent convened the Estates General in Paris. [104] The artist chose the high road, relying on Ripa's visual vernacular, to portray a scene where virtues defeat vices and embrace peaceful reconciliation making little more than an allusion to a vague political statement.[104]. Madame de Pompadour was the alluring chief mistress of King Louis XV, but few people know her dark historyor the chilling secret shared by her and Louis. For nearly two years, she was a virtual prisoner at the Chateau de Blois, and watched enviously as her son Louis took his rightful throne. Although the marriage succeeded in producing children, it was not a happy one. Was this a common practice? Rubens deliberate vagueness would be consistent with his practice of generalizing and allegorizing historical facts especially in a painting about peace and reconciliation. No, she wanted the whole darn throne again, and she made no bones about it. Specifically, the statues of Fracesco and Ferdinando de Medici. She believed that diplomacy should be obtained through marriage and it is the marriage of her daughter Henrietta Maria to Charles I that rushed the completion of the Medici Cycle. During this time, the Protestants obtained a reprieve of six years to the return of their places of safety to the royal power. Like any classic intruding mother, Marie used her time in exile not to reflect on the error of her ways, but instead to collect other family members around her and pretend nothing was wrong. [72] Marie hoped for her son, Louis XIII, to marry the Spanish Infanta Anne and for her daughter Elizabeth to marry the future king of Spain, Philip IV, possibly resulting in an alliance between France and Spain. (Cupid has his arrow; Prudence carries a snake entwined around her arm to indicate serpent-like wisdom; Abundance also appears with her cornucopia, also a reference to the fruits of Marie's regency. [80] Rubens uses several methods to portray Queen Marie in precisely the light that she wanted to be seen, as her young son's guardian and wise advisor. She is shown wearing a gown of silver cloth with gold embroidery and wears nothing that suggests her esteemed background. For her apartments at the Palace of Fontainebleau, the Flemish-born painter Ambroise Dubois was recruited to decorate Marie's cabinets with a series of paintings on the theme of the Ethiopics of Heliodorus, and painted for her gallery an important decoration on the theme of Diana and Apollo, mythological evocations of the royal couple. Notwithstanding his desire to give an heir to his dynasty, the new Grand Duke gave his orphaned nephew and niece a good education. King Henry IV was able to pay off his debts thanks to her marriage and the large dowry he [38] Hermes dramatically rushes in on the scene and literally brings a gift from the gods, the caduceus. [2] The immortalizing of her life, however, seems to be the most apparent reason for the Queen's choice to commission a painter who was capable of executing such a demanding task. Marie was one smart cookie, though: Not only did none of the conspiracies work, she somehow managed to grasp even more power with each revolt. Okay, now Marie learned her lesson, right? The scene is rich with symbolism highlighting her heroism and victory. The pairing of Marie with the figure of Force gives power to the image of the queen, while Marie's actual pose is more passive, showing very effectively her graceful acknowledgement of her son's authority henceforth. Though this particular painting is one of the most straightforward in the series, there is still some minor dispute about its significance. Our editors are instructed to fact check thoroughly, including finding at least three references for each fact. In The Consignment of the Regency, Henry IV entrusts Marie with both the regency of France and the care of the dauphin shortly before his war campaigns and eventual death. Louvre 1929 - Histoire de Marie de Medicis.jpg 2,798 1,665; 1.6 MB. Saturn has his sickle and is personified as Time here guiding France forward. Aware that he could not avoid the formation of plots as long as his mother remained in exile, the King accepted her return to court. In late February 1619, Marie had enough of sitting pretty in some faraway palace. We all have sins to confess.. For example, the robes of two cardinals near the right edge. [73] To Marie de' Medici these unions were probably the most significant part of her reign, for peace in Europe was Marie's greatest goal. Maria and her only surviving sister, Eleonora (with whom she had a close relationship) spent their childhood at the Palazzo Pitti in Florence, placed under the care of a governess along with their paternal first-cousin Virginio Orsini (son of Isabella de' Medici, Duchess of Bracciano).[6]. However, because Henry never actually entered Paris in this fashion, the scene is supposed to represent only a symbolic triumph. [127] The painting shows Henry parading into Paris as a victorious Roman emperor holding an olive branch, the symbol of peace. Jupiter is meant to be the King's celestial counterpart, while Saturn, who represents finite time, is an indication of the end of Henry's mortal existence. When Henry III was also ostracized from Paris for initiating the murder of the duke of Guise, he met with Henry of Navarre to make peace and recognize him as rightful heir. The last painting in the cycle, The Triumph of Truth, is a purely allegorical depiction of King Louis XIII and his mother, the Queen, reconciling before heaven. Her pride would not allow her to return to Tuscany as a rejected Queen and mother." Accordingly, Marie would outright reject suitors in the blink of an eyeuntil, that is, she met her match at last. Well, infamy must beget infamy, because Maries childhood was downright dangerous. Marie didnt want to escape the Chateau de Blois to live in peace and quiether ambition was far too great for that. One of these strategies was to personify Marie as Juno or Minerva. The paintings of each gallery would have been exhibited as an integrated pair, unifying all forty-eight scenes.[120]. The fact that the Henry IV series was not realized can be attributed in part to Marie de' Medici being permanently banned from France by her son in 1631. Richelieu played an important role in her reconciliation with the king and even managed to bring the queen mother back to the Conseil du Roi. WebMarie de Mdicis, Italian Maria de Medici, (born April 26, 1573, Florence [Italy]died July 3, 1642, Cologne [Germany]), queen consort of King Henry IV of France (reigned 15891610) and, from 1610 to 1614, regent for her son, King Louis XIII (reigned 161043). Marie was an enormous patron of the arts, and she extended her wealth to a whole host of painters and sculptors throughout her life. Over the years, she did not notice the rising power of her protg; when she realized it, she broke with the Cardinal and sought to oust him. Henry's army casts the rebels out of Paris by throwing them over a bridge into the river below. Almost no one from King Henrys old court was happy with this turn of events, and for years they unleashed rebellion upon rebellion in an attempt to boot Marie from power. [88] Fortunately, and perhaps solely due to the controversy surrounding this painting, Rubens mentioned its significance in a letter to Peiresc dated 13 May 1625. )", Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, Thiroux d'Arconville, Marie-Genevive-Charlotte, Rubens cycle of paintings apotheosizing Marie de Medici, Life of Marie dei Mdicis. From the time of her marriage to Henri IV, the Queen practiced ambitious artistic patronage, and placed under her protection several painters, sculptors and scholars. Direct link to Jenni Roberts's post Why was Henry VI given a , Posted 6 years ago. Posted 7 years ago. The lower half of the painting is dominated by imagery of Lyons. [99] It can also be debated that the painting is not really about peace or security, but really an unrelenting spirit that does not give into loss. [60], The Coronation in Saint-Denis is the last scene on the North End of the West Wall, showing the completion of Marie's divinely assisted preparation. Matilde Battistini, Symbole und Allegorien, Avermaete, Roger. Related: [23], Jules Michelet also contributed to the denigration of Marie de Mdicis.[24]. WebMarie believed that after bearing a son, she "would begin to be a queen". The following 48 files are in this category, out of 48 total. [30], The price of Marie de' Medici Cycle was roughly 24,000 guilders for the 292 square meters, which calculates to about 82 guilders, or 1,512 dollars, per square meter.[31]. Fumaroli, Marc; Graziani, Franoise and Solinas Francesco, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 20:11. All the surrounding figures are identifiable, including the artist himself. Early Europe and Colonial Americas: 200-1750 C.E. We Medici always have. Eventually, Louis realized that if he wanted to get any calm in his kingdom, hed have to mollify her somehow. The reforms of the paulette and the taille remained a dead letter. Fame carries a trumpet to herald the occasion. A Medici collar provided a large, decorative frame around the sides and back of a womans head. Rubens obviously would have known this and so chose to ignore the tension surrounding Marie's relationship with her son, instead emphasizing her poise in the transfer of power. The theme of peace, which runs throughout the cycle, was indeed furthered not only in France but in Europe by the marriage alliances brokered by Marie for her children: Louis XIII married a daughter of the Spanish king, her daughter Elisabeth married the heir to the Spanish throne (the future King Philip IV), and her daughter Henrietta married Charles I of England. Millen & Wolf pp.220-221. Gortner, The scene is painted with a variety of mythological figures. When Henry was assassinated in 1610, Louis XIII, his son and successor to the throne, was only eight years old. It also suggests that she perpetuated the policies and ideals of the late King in his life and in death. His willingness to fit his ideas with those of the patron equipped him with the perfect tools to be in charge of such a delicate and heavily anticipated subject. In the Louvre, the Queen had a luxurious apartment on the first floor fitted out, then moved in 1614 to a new apartment on the ground floor, which she had adorned with panels and paintings by Ambroise Dubois, Jacob Bunel, Guillaume Dume, and Gabriel Honnet on the theme of Jerusalem Delivered of Torquato Tasso (whose translation by Antoine de Nervze was Marie's first reading in French). France urges Henry to turn away from the field of battle, the aftermath of which is visible in the burning town in the background, and attend to hearth and home, for domestic matters are no less important to the survival of the monarchy than military exploits. In Rubens's painting, Minerva, Prudence, Divine Providence and France; in the Caravaggio, St Dominic, St Peter the Martyr, and a pair of Dominican friars. WebAfter 1617, Maria de' Medici lived, with many vicissitudes, a life full of intrigue, which she sometimes carried to conspiracy. Behind Henry stands the personification of France, wearing a blue silk garment embroidered with gold fleur-de-lys (the coat of arms of the French monarchy) and an elaborate plumed helmet encircled by a gold crown. Her son Louis XIII died on May 14. In Ruben's depiction, the princesses stand with their right hands joined between personifications of France and Spain. [8] In 1621, Marie de' Medici commissioned Rubens to paint two large series depicting the lives of herself and her late husband, Henry IV, to adorn both wings of the first floor of the Luxembourg Palace. Set within a grand Italian-style architectural setting, the theme is somewhat sobering. Then again, Henriette had another reason to hate the new queen. To that end, she started an uprising against her own son, now King Louis XIII, using her old allies. Marie commissioned paintings that truthfully followed the events of her life, and it was the job of Rubens to tactfully convey these images. [89], Considering the haste with which Rubens completed this painting, his lack of specific reference to a golden age in his letter, and the existence of several contemporary depictions of Marie as a figure of Justice, most historians are content with the simpler allegorical interpretation which is more consistent both with Rubens's style and the remainder of the cycle.[90]. 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